Central Plains Contention during the Qin, Han, Wei, and Jin Dynasties - Touring the Henan Museum
Since 221 BC, Henan has never been peaceful, enduring various imperial power struggles for 800 years until the end of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, only entering its peak during the Tang Empire.
The Henan Museum displays historical artifacts from the Qin, Han, Wei, Jin, and Northern and Southern Dynasties in a single exhibition hall. One reason is Henan’s long history—800 years can only fit into one hall. Another reason is that this period was extremely chaotic in the Central Plains, with many emperors and lords, and even more rebellions, resulting in fewer unearthed artifacts (most were destroyed).
✅ Henan during the Qin, Han, Wei, Jin, and Northern and Southern Dynasties
📌 Qin Dynasty: After Qin unified China, it implemented the commandery-county system. Henan was divided into seven commanderies: Sanchuan (capital Luoyang), Yingchuan (capital Yangzhai), Chen (capital Chen County), Dang (capital Suiyang), Nanyang (capital Wan County), Henei (capital Yewang), and Dong (capital Puyang), becoming an important support region for the Qin Empire.
📌 Western Han: Henan belonged to the Sili Xiaowei division and five provinces: Yu, Yan, Jing, Yang, and Ji, with Luoyang as a key eastern city. Early Western Han implemented a dual system of commanderies and kingdoms. The Liang Kingdom (capital Suiyang) was an important vassal state. During Emperor Jing’s reign, King Xiao of Liang, Liu Wu, made great contributions during the “Rebellion of the Seven States,” strengthening the kingdom.
📌 Eastern Han: The Eastern Han capital was Luoyang, making Henan the political, economic, and cultural center of the country. Nanyang was the hometown of Emperor Guangwu Liu Xiu and was designated the Southern Capital, alongside Luoyang, known as “Imperial Capital and Imperial Hometown.” At the end of the Eastern Han, Emperor Xian moved the capital to Xuchang (modern Xuchang). Cao Cao “held the emperor to command the lords,” making Xuchang one of the five capitals of Cao Wei.
📌 Cao Wei: Cao Pi replaced the Han and established Wei, with Luoyang as the capital and Xuchang as one of the five capitals. Cao Wei implemented the tuntian system in Henan to restore agricultural production, making Luoyang the political center of the north. (Most of Henan belonged to Cao Wei; Nanyang was an important base for Shu Han’s northern expeditions, while Eastern Wu controlled parts of southern Henan). Thus, Henan itself was a place where the Three Kingdoms coexisted.
📌 Western Jin: The Western Jin capital was Luoyang. Within Henan, seven fiefdoms were established: Nanyang, Liang, Runan, Puyang, Yiyang, Dongping, and Qiao, with royal family members enfeoffed based on blood relation proximity and seniority.
📌 Eastern Jin and the Sixteen Kingdoms: The Eastern Jin held the south, while northern Henan was alternately controlled by Former Qin, Later Zhao, Ran Wei, Former Yan, and other regimes. The south belonged to the Eastern Jin. This period was marked by frequent wars, with Henan becoming the focal point of north-south power struggles. (The most chaotic era began).
📌 Northern and Southern Dynasties: After Northern Wei unified the north, Emperor Xiaowen moved the capital to Luoyang and promoted sinicization policies. Luoyang became the political, economic, and cultural center of the north. The Northern Wei Luoyang city was vast, with well-planned palace and residential layouts. Buddhism flourished, with famous buildings like the Yongning Temple Pagoda. Eastern Wei and Northern Qi had their capital at Ye City (modern Anyang), while Northern Zhou controlled western Henan.
Looking at this history, Henan was never “unified” under a single regime after the Qin and Han, and was a major victim of feudal civil wars.
✅ Museum Treasure: Gold-threaded Jade Burial Suit
📌 The museum’s gold-threaded jade burial suit dates to the late Western Han and was unearthed in 1985 from Tomb No. 1 at Xishan, Yongcheng, Henan. The tomb owner was a Western Han Liang King.
📌 The jade suit consists of five parts: head, jacket, pants, hands, and shoes, made up of 2,008 pieces of green jade connected by gold threads. Most jade pieces are green jade, with some Xiuyan jade or Hetian jade.
📌 The gold-threaded jade suit symbolized the noble status of Han dynasty aristocrats, reflecting the burial belief of “treating death as life” and the superstition that jade could preserve the body from decay. Its use was closely tied to the Han hierarchical system: emperors wore gold-threaded suits, princes wore silver or copper-threaded suits.
From the Han dynasty onward, jade shifted from ornamentation to burial use, and jade culture gradually became part of Han cultural and religious beliefs.
✅ Visiting Tips
📌 The Henan Museum is very popular; it is recommended to visit during off-peak hours or change the visiting order (for example, start from the fourth floor).
📌 Address: No. 8 Nongye Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province.
📌 Opening hours: Tuesday to Sunday, 9:00 AM to 8:30 PM (last entry at 7:30 PM). Closed on Mondays (except national holidays).
📌 Transportation suggestions:
Metro Line 2: Exit at Guan Hutun Station, Exit C, walk west along Nongye Road about 800 meters (about 10 minutes) to the museum.
Metro Line 7: Exit at Nongye University Station, Exit D, walk east along Nongye Road about 500 meters to the museum.
Buses: Take B11, B102, B18, B2, S158, G83, etc., get off at “Henan Museum Station” or “Nongye Road Wenbo East Road Station,” then walk to the museum.
📌 The museum has a parking lot with free parking (usually full during holidays). It is recommended to plan parking in advance to avoid congestion during peak times.