Listening to the Echoes of Learning on West Mountain | Step into Lujiang Academy in Liling, Where a Millennium of Cultural Heritage Unfolds
At the foot of West Mountain, by the banks of the Lujiang River, Lujiang Academy has stood quietly for nearly a millennium, planting the roots of Huxiang culture deep into Liling, this small city in eastern Hunan.
Climbing West Mountain in autumn, the stone steps wind upward, and ancient camphor trees shade the sky. Before even entering the gate, you hear the rustling of wind through the treetops, sounding just like the recitations of students over the past thousand years.
· The Zhu-Zhang Lectures: The Beginning of a Cultural Legacy
Walking into the academy, there are two stone statues sitting opposite each other in the spacious courtyard. One is Zhu Xi, and the other is Zhang Shi.
Time travels back to the third year of Qiandao in the Southern Song Dynasty, 1167 AD.
That year, 37-year-old Zhu Xi set out from Chong'an, Fujian, crossing mountains and rivers along the ancient Hunan-Jiangxi road. Zhang Shi, then the head of Yuelu Academy, traveled over a hundred miles from Changsha to personally welcome him in Liling.
The two met in Liling and felt like old friends. Right at the Qingyun Mountain County School, the predecessor of Lujiang Academy, they opened forums to lecture and discuss philosophy, kicking off the "Zhu-Zhang Lectures," which lasted over two months and profoundly influenced the history of Chinese thought.
As news spread, scholars in Liling "arrived in formal attire," packing the school. Later, Lü Zuqian also came to lecture, and "the people of Liling followed his example, vying to learn from him."
Eight years later, in the second year of Chunxi in the Southern Song Dynasty, the Lizhou government built the Zhuzi Shrine where Zhu Xi had lectured, continuing the cultural legacy. This was the earliest origin of Lujiang Academy.
The starting point of an academy is not a room or a plaque, but a collision of ideas.
Zhu Xi taught "investigating things to extend knowledge," while Zhang Shi emphasized "practical application for the world." The two schools of thought converged here, like the Lujiang River flowing into the Xiangjiang River, nourishing the core temperament of Huxiang culture—both seeking truth and being pragmatic; both studying books and taking responsibility.
· Wang Yangming's School of Mind and Zuo Zongtang's Tenure
Three hundred years after Zhu and Zhang, another master, Wang Yangming, stepped through the gates of this academy.
This great synthesizer of the Lu-Wang School of Mind stayed in Liling to lecture. He taught "the mind is principle" and "unity of knowledge and action," engaging in a dialogue across time with Zhu Xi's Neo-Confucianism.
Within one academy, it hosted the two peaks of Neo-Confucianism and the School of Mind, which is rare among academies nationwide.
What truly made Lujiang Academy famous was the Qing Dynasty official Zuo Zongtang.
In the 17th year of Daoguang (1837 AD), 25-year-old Zuo Zongtang was invited to serve as the headmaster of Lujiang Academy. At that time, he had no official rank, but he already had great ambition.
That same year, Tao Zhu, the Viceroy of Liangjiang, passed through Liling on his way home to visit relatives. The Liling magistrate hosted a banquet and asked Zuo Zongtang to write a welcoming couplet.
Zuo Zongtang wrote with a flourish: "In the spring palace, we spoke with ease; for twenty years, the heart-imprinting stone remains in my hometown. The great river flows day and night; the youth of the eight prefectures look forward to your return."
Upon seeing this couplet, Tao Zhu was amazed by his talent, immediately humbled himself to befriend him, and talked with Zuo Zongtang all night. This couplet became a major turning point in Zuo Zongtang's life—from a headmaster of an academy, he stepped toward becoming a high-ranking official and a pioneer of the Westernization Movement.
Although Zuo Zongtang's tenure was short, he established the academic style of "practical application for the world" at Lujiang Academy. He taught students not to read books blindly, but to care about world affairs and practice real skills. This academic style, like a seed, bore abundant fruit in the following century.
· The Unceasing Echoes of Learning and the Emergence of Patriots
In the 18th year of Qianlong (1753 AD), Magistrate Guan Yue officially named it "Lujiang Academy" at the site of the Qingyun Mountain School. During the Daoguang period, the academy moved to the quiet West Mountain, which is the location we see today.
Since then, it has been renovated many times and has grown in scale, becoming the largest, longest-running, and most influential of the seven academies in Liling, and the only ancient academy that has been preserved to this day.
The cultural lineage has continued for nearly a thousand years, and this fertile land has produced many talents. In the Song Dynasty, famous officials like Wu Lie, Pi Longrong, and Yang Dayi studied here, laying the foundation for Liling's Neo-Confucian culture. Modern times have seen a galaxy of stars; the figures who emerged from here are enough to support a history of modern China.
Li Lisan, Zuo Quan, Cheng Qian, Chen Mingren, Ning Tiaoyuan, Wen Junduo... some devoted themselves to the revolution, some joined the army, and some governed regions. Among the students at the Whampoa Military Academy, there were over 20 from Liling, most of whom benefited from the academic style inherited from Lujiang Academy.
Behind these names is the same spiritual foundation—studying not for fame, but for the country; learning not just in the study, but daring to take responsibility.
This is the core of the Huxiang cultural lineage: practical application for the world, and daring to be the first.
Walking in the academy today, the lecture hall, examination sheds, and library unfold in sequence. The examination sheds were the venue for Liling students to take the county examinations in the Qing Dynasty, and the individual cells remain to this day. With blue bricks and black tiles, flying eaves and upturned corners, the couplets on the wooden pillars have faded, but one can still read the atmosphere of those years.
The most moving things are the ancient camphor trees, with strong branches and cloud-like canopies. They have seen Zhu Xi's attire, heard Wang Yangming's lectures, and witnessed Zuo Zongtang's youthful spirit. When the wind blows, the leaves rustle, as if continuing to recite for those scholars who have long since passed.
· Between Mountains and Waters, the Culture Lives On
Walking out of the academy, if you continue to climb to the top of West Mountain, you can overlook the entire city of Liling.
The Lujiang River winds around the city, and the uniquely shaped buildings of the Porcelain Valley are faintly visible in the distance. On one side is the thousand-year-old kiln fire, and on the other is the thousand-year-old fragrance of books. One hard and one soft, one hot and one cold, together they shape the character of this city.
People in Liling often say that we have both the passion of porcelain and the calmness of books. Porcelain makes life flavorful, and books give the spirit roots and a soul.
An academy can survive for nearly a thousand years, not because of the buildings themselves, but because of the awe of reading and the inheritance of culture by generations of people.
The echoes of the Zhu-Zhang Lectures are still here, the charm of Wang Yangming's School of Mind is still here, and the integrity of Zuo Zongtang's teaching is still here. Those people and events of the past have not disappeared, but have turned into a tree in the courtyard, a couplet in the lecture hall, and a mark on the stone steps, quietly waiting for future generations to read.
If you also come to Liling, be sure to climb West Mountain, enter Lujiang Academy, stand under the ancient camphor trees, and listen to the sound of the wind through the treetops.
You will hear that the thousand-year-old songs of learning have never stopped.